Parameter | Description |
---|---|
v0SteerMax | Maximum steering angle at zero speed. |
kvSteerMax | Amount to reduce the steering by. |
vMaxSteerMax | At this speed the steering is fully reduced. |
steerSpeed | Steering speed at max speed. |
steerSpeedMin | Steering speed at zero velocity. |
steerRelaxation | Steering speed when returning to neutral steering position. |
ArcadedWheeled provides a different handling system from the default StdWheeled.
There are various differences, but crucially all the handling physics is done in the game code rather than in the low level physics code.
Specifically the friction values, power, pedal, and brake are set to zero for the low level physics code and only the suspension springs and collisions are processed by the low level.
The actual handling, such as speed, acceleration, lateral friction and hand braking, are instead done by the game code.
Most setup features such as damage, components, parts and actions are the same as previous. The only differences concern the friction, tweak modifiers, the gears and engine power.
The suspension stiffness and damping uses the same setup as previous.
<Part name="wheel_1" class="SubPartWheel" component="wheel1" mass="80">
<SubPartWheel
lenMax="0.4" // These are used
stiffness="0"
suspLength="0.15"
damping="-0.40000001"
axle="0"
canBrake="0" // These values are not used
density="100"
driving="1"
maxFriction="1"
minFriction="1"
slipFrictionMod="0.30000001"
rimRadius="0.31999999"
torqueScale="1.1"
/>
</Part>
However, the values canBrake, density, driving, maxFriction, ninFriction, slipFrictionMod, rimRadius, and torqueScale are no longer used since these were used by the low level code.
In fact the friction values are zeroed by the game code. The stabilizer value is still available in the <Wheeled> node.
The mass box is specified in the same way as previous using the <MassBox> node. However, it now only influences the suspension and not so much the handling anymore.
For example, actual mass of the box does not change the acceleration of the vehicle. This is intentional, since speed and acceleration are specified in a mass-independent way.
In the xml the <StdWheeled> node is replaced with the node <ArcadeWheeled>, which lives underneath <MovementParams>.
<MovementParams>
<ArcadeWheeled vMaxSteerMax="22" steerSpeed="90" steerSpeedMin="110" v0SteerMax="40" kvSteerMax="27"
steerRelaxation="110" pedalLimitMax="0.0" rpmInterpSpeed="4" rpmRelaxSpeed="2" rpmGearShiftSpeed="2" engineIgnitionTime="0.0" >
<Handling>
<Power acceleration="14" decceleration="2" topSpeed="22" reverseSpeed="6" />
<HandBrake deccelerationPowerLock="2" decceleration="10.1" lockFront="0" lockBack="1" ... />
<Friction back="3.0" front="2.2" offset="-1.3"/>
<Correction lateralSpring="0" angSpring="2"/>
<SpeedReduction reductionAmount="0.2" reductionRate="0.2"/>
<Compression frictionBoost="1.5f" frictionBoostHandBrake="1.5f" />
<Inertia radius="4"/>
</Handling>
<Wheeled axleFriction="0" axleFrictionMax="0" brakeTorque="0" ... />
<gearRatios>
<gearRatio value="-15"/>
<gearRatio value="0"/>
<gearRatio value="15"/>
</gearRatios>
</Wheeled>
<SoundParams ... />
<TweakGroups> ... </TweakGroups>
<AirDamp dampAngle="0.2,0.2,0" dampAngVel="8, 2, 0"/>
</ArcadeWheeled>
</MovementParams>
<ArcadeWheeled> has pretty much the same format as the default <StdWheeled>, however, some options are no longer used or available (explained later).
</ArcadeWheeled>
...
<Handling>
<Power acceleration="14" decceleration="2" topSpeed="22" reverseSpeed="6" />
<HandBrake deccelerationPowerLock="2" decceleration="10.1" lockFront="0" lockBack="1" frontFrictionScale="3.2" backFrictionScale="0.10" angCorrectionScale="6.0" />
<Friction back="3.0" front="2.2" offset="-1.3"/>
<WheelSpin grip1="0.7" grip2="1.0" gripRecoverSpeed="2" accelMultiplier1="2.2" accelMultiplier2="0.5" />
<Correction lateralSpring="0" angSpring="2"/>
<SpeedReduction reductionAmount="0.2" reductionRate="0.2"/>
<Compression frictionBoost="1.5f" frictionBoostHandBrake="1.5f" />
<Inertia radius="4"/>
</Handling>
...
</ArcadeWheeled>
The <Handling> node encapsulates all the pertinent handling features of the vehicle. The handling description is now specified in the <handling> node in a simplified way for the front wheels and the back wheels.
There are no gears and no engine specification. Also, everything is mass independent, acceleration and decceleration rates, and braking etc are not affected if you change the mass box.
Friction Offset - The handling forces are not actually applied at the wheel positions. The vertical offset from the mass boss is overridden using this value. So if you move the mass box up or down the handling will stay roughly the same. Making this value zero, will apply frictional forces at the same height as the mass box. This will give you handling that doesn't tip the vehicle side to side. Generally, this position wants to be negative. The more negative this value the more tipping both side to side and forwards when braking.
Angular and Lateral Correction - The angular value makes the vehicle corner like it was on rails. It calculates the ideal turning circle set by the steering and corrects the angular speed to keep the vehicle steering on that circle. The lateral value controls how much side sliding is allowed. A high value will stop the vehicle from sliding laterally. The vehicle can be made to steer using these values alone. For example, you could turn friction to zero on the front and back wheels and set these values to be high (+30). The vehicle will then corner in a arcade fashion.
Compression frictionBoost - In a real car the amount of friction force depends on the downwards load on the tyre. If the suspension is compressed friction increases. If the chassis is traveling upwards (i.e. going over bumpy terrain), then the suspension expands and the load decreases along with the friction. This value controls how much the suspension effects the friction. Setting this value to zero will leave friction unaffected. Sensible values 0 - 5. This value only allows for increasing friction. The friction value will not decrease when the suspension is expanded.
Inertia radius - The game code treats the chassis as a physics sphere. This radius affects how the vehicle rotates dues to handling forces. The larger this value the more "trunk" like and heavy the vehicle will feel.
The steering is specified as per <StdWheeled> using vMaxSteerMax etc.
<ArcadeWheeled vMaxSteerMax="22" steerSpeed="90" steerSpeedMin="110" v0SteerMax="40" kvSteerMax="27"
steerRelaxation="110" pedalLimitMax="0.0" rpmInterpSpeed="4" rpmRelaxSpeed="2" rpmGearShiftSpeed="2" engineIgnitionTime="0.0" >
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
v0SteerMax | The maximum steering angle at zero speed. |
kvSteerMax | The amount of steering degrees subtracted from v0SteerMax when speed is equal or higher than vMaxSteerMax. |
vMaxSteerMax | The top speed as far as steering is concerned. |
steerSpeed | The speed at which the wheels reach full turning lock at max speed. |
steerSpeedMin | The speed at which the wheels reach full turning lock at zero speed. |
steerRelaxation | The speed at which the wheels center when you are turning then let go of the stick. |
<Wheeled axleFriction="0" axleFrictionMax="0" brakeTorque="0" stabilizer="0.5" ... />
<gearRatios>
<gearRatio value="-15"/> // These don't affect the handling for <ArcadeWheeled>
<gearRatio value="0"/>
<gearRatio value="15"/>
</gearRatios>
</Wheeled>
For real tires the actual friction value is a complex function of slip ratio and others parameters. But this is complex to set up and hard to understand, and tweak.
Instead to achieve wheel spins a simple, but hacky, method is used, but works quite well. We simply change the grip based on slip speed. With grip1 being the smallest and grip2 being the highest.
The grip is exponential with an exponential constant of gripRecoverSpeed, as shown. When the wheels aren't slipping the grip is reduced and they will begin to slip. Once slipping at a high speed they recover grip.
The result is the grip oscillates between high and low. At constant speed the slip speed naturally reduces to a small value. The larger the value of gripRecoverSpeed, more the wheel slip before recovering grip
The tank handling has been rewritten using the arcadewheeled handling. All of the settings from the arcadewheeled are present.
The difference is the tank doesn't turn the front wheels and has different wheel speeds on the left track and the right track.
In order to make the tank turn on the spot a trick is used. The wheels are artificially pulled towards each other in code. This means that lateral friction isn't stopping the tank from turning.
<TankHandling
additionalSteeringStationary="5.5" // Difference in wheel speed when turning on the spot.
additionalSteeringAtMaxSpeed="4.0" // Difference in wheel speed when turning at full speed.
additionalTilt="7" /> // Force the tank to tilt left and right, don't make this number too big!
In order to stop the wheels from spinning and give the tank more forwards/backwards grip, make the values in grip1 and grip2 the same and greater than 1.
<WheelSpin grip1="2" grip2="2" gripRecoverSpeed="4" accelMultiplier1="1.0" accelMultiplier2="1.0"/>
Since tanks should be traveling fast and turning at the same time you can reduce the top speed whilst turning, for example
<SpeedReduction reductionAmount="0.4" reductionRate="1.0"/>
Note: The Correction parameters also work for the tank. Increasing lateralSpring will stop the tank sliding left and right.